HIV and AIDS and Male Sex Work in Canada
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Footnotes 98. Health Canada, AIDS and HIV in Canada (1998), HIV/AIDS Epi Update, Bureau of HIV/AIDS, STD and TB, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Ottawa, Health Canada, May 1998a. 99. Health Canada, HIV and AIDS Among Men Who Have Sex with Men, HIV/AIDS Epi Update, Bureau of HIV/AIDS, STD and TB, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Ottawa, Health Canada, May 1998b. 100. Health Canada, HIV Testing Among Canadians: An Estimated 11,000-17,000 Current HIV Infections May Not Be Diagnosed, HIV/AIDS Epi Update, Bureau of HIV/AIDS and STD and TB, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Ottawa, Health Canada, May 1998d. 101. It is estimated that as of December 1996, there have been between 50,000 and 54,000 cumulative HIV infections in Canada. Nguyen, M., Archibald, C., Farley, J. and Sutherland, D., HIV/AIDS in Canada -- 1998, Bureau of HIV/AIDS, STD and TB, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Health Canada, paper presented to the Agenda Building Meeting on HIV Prevention Research, HIV/AIDS Prevention and Community Action Programs, Health Canada, Ottawa, February 1999. 102. Ibid.; These figures do not include those who were tested for blood donation or insurance purposes. When these are taken into account, it is suggested that 41% of Canadian men have been tested at least once for HIV antibodies. Houston, S., Archibald, C., Strike, C. and Sutherland, D., "Factors Associated with HIV Testing among Canadians: Results of a Population-based Survey," International Journal of STD and AIDS, 1998b, 9, pp. 341-46. 103. Houston, S., Archibald, C. and Sutherland, D., Sexual Risk Behaviours Are Associated with HIV Testing in the Canadian General Population, paper presented to the Seventh Annual Canadian Conference on HIV/AIDS Research, Quebec City, May 1998a. 104. Craib, K. and Schechter, M., "The Vancouver Lymphadenopathy AIDS Study: An Overview of Research into HIV/AIDS," B.C. Medical Journal, 1992, 34, 3, pp. 162-64. 105. Remis, R., Najjar, M., Pass, C. and Paradis, G., Seroepidemiological Study of HIV Infection and Sexual Behaviour among Men Attending a Medical Clinic in Montreal, paper presented to the Vth International Conference on AIDS, Montreal, June 1989. 106. See also Health Canada, HIV and AIDS Among Men Who Have Sex with Men, HIV/AIDS Epi Update, Bureau of HIV/AIDS, STD and TB, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Ottawa, Health Canada, May 1998b. 107. 23% in Vancouver, 27.2% in Toronto, 20.1% in Montreal and between 10.2% and 20.5% in other regions of Canada. Myers, T., Godin, G., Calzavara, L., Lambert, J. and Locker, D., Canadian Survey of Gay and Bisexual Men and HIV Infection: Men's Survey, Ottawa, Canadian AIDS Society, 1993. 108. See Romanowski, B., Campbell, P., Preiksaitis, J. and Fonseca, K., "Human Immunodeficiency Virus Seroprevalence and Risk Behaviours in Patients Attending Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinics in Alberta," Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1997, September, pp. 487-94; Dufour, A., Alary, M., Poulin, C., Allard, F., Nöel, L., Trottier, G., Lepine, D. and Hankins, C., "Prevalence and Risk Behaviours for HIV Infection among Inmates of a Provincial Prison in Quebec City," AIDS, 1996, 10, 9, pp. 1009-15; Roy, E., HIV and Street-Involved People in Canada: Status Report and Recommendations for a National Action Plan for HIV Prevention, draft document submitted to the AIDS Education and Prevention Unit, Ottawa, Health Canada, 1996; Myers, T., Calzavara, L., Major, C., Marchand, R., Morrison, K. and Allman, D., Self-reported HIV Antibody Status and Laboratory Test Results in a Community Sample of Gay and Bisexual Men: Winnipeg Men's Survey, paper presented to the Fifth Annual Canadian Conference on HIV/AIDS Research, Winnipeg, June 1995; Palmer, R., Major, C., Ofner, M., Brown, D., Falli, R. and Fearon, M., Laboratory-based HIV Surveillance in Ontario, paper presented to the Fifth Annual Canadian Conference on HIV/AIDS Research, Winnipeg, June 1995. 109. Nguyen, M., Archibald, C., Farley, J. and Sutherland, D., HIV/AIDS in Canada -- 1998, Bureau of HIV/AIDS, STD and TB, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Health Canada, paper presented to the Agenda Building Meeting on HIV Prevention Research, HIV/AIDS Prevention and Community Action Programs, Health Canada, Ottawa, February 1999. 110. Earls, C. M. and David, H., "A Psychosocial Study of Male Prostitution," Archives of Sexual Behavior, 1989, 18, 5, pp. 411-12. 111. Romanowski, B., Campbell, P., Preiksaitis, J. and Fonseca, K., "Human Immunodeficiency Virus Seroprevalence and Risk Behaviours in Patients Attending Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinics in Alberta," Sexually Transmitted Diseases, September 1994, pp. 487-94, cited in Health Canada, HIV Risk Behaviours Among Canadians: An Inventory and Synthesis, Division of HIV Epidemiology, Bureau of HIV/AIDS, STD and TB, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Ottawa, Health Canada, November 1998c. 112. Myers, T., Godin, G., Calzavara, L., Lambert, J. and Locker, D., Canadian Survey of Gay and Bisexual Men and HIV Infection: Men's Survey, Ottawa, Canadian AIDS Society, 1993. 113. Godin, G., Carsley, J., Morrison, K. and Bradet, R., Entre hommes -- 91/92: Les comportements sexuels et l'environnement social des hommes ayant des relations sexuelles avec d'autres hommes, Québec, COCQ-sida, 1993. 114. Shaver, F. and Newmeyer, T., Men Who Have Sex With Men: A Comparison of the Sexual Practices and Risk-Taking Behaviour of Gay and Bisexual Men and Male Prostitutes, paper presented to Sida, jeunesse et prévention. Au-delà du discours, des actions!, at the 64th conference of ACFAS, Montreal, May 1996, p. 7, note 3. 115. For more on bisexuality in Canada, see Myers, T. and Allman, D., "Bisexuality and HIV/AIDS in Canada," in Aggleton, P., ed., Bisexualities and AIDS: International Perspectives, London, Taylor and Francis, 1996 and Doll, L., Myers, T., and Allman, D., "Bisexuality and HIV Risk: The Canadian and U.S. Experience," Annual Review of Sex Research, 1997, vol. 8, pp. 102-147. 116. Shaver, F. and Newmeyer, T., Men Who Have Sex With Men: A Comparison of the Sexual Practices and Risk-Taking Behaviour of Gay and Bisexual Men and Male Prostitutes, paper presented to Sida, jeunesse et prévention. Au-delà du discours, des actions!, at the 64th conference of ACFAS, Montreal, May 1996, p. 13.
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Created: September 4, 1999 Last modified: February 4, 2000 |
Dan Allman Box 3075, Vancouver, BC V6B 3X6 Email: dan.allman@walnet.org |